Libertarian Party US Presidential Election Results

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Overview

Since 1972, there have been 10 different Libertarian Presidential nominees, in 12 elections. (Two candidates were nominated twice.) In 1972, the LP's first Presidential candidate John Hospers received the first and only electoral vote in the party's history when one "faithless elector" voted for him. The first candidate to break the one percent mark was Ed Clark in 1980. This remained the best showing both as a percentage and in raw number of votes until 2012, when Gary Johnson became the first candidate to receive more than one million votes (but just shy of one percent). Running again in 2016, Gary Johnson then beat the previous record by both measures by a wide margin, receiving more than three percent and more than four million votes.

1972 Presidential Election

In 1972, the Libertarian Party was barely organized and was still in its infant stage. The Presidential nominee was John Hospers. The Vice-Presidential nominee was Tonie Nathan. The ticket was only on the ballot in 2 states and received one electoral vote from a faithless elector Roger MacBride in Virginia.

1976 Presidential Election

By 1976, the party had started to organize and was able to mount a more solid campaign for president. The nominee was Roger MacBride, the same faithless elector who voted for John Hospers in the last election. The Vice-Presidential nominee was David Bergland. The pair managed to gain ballot access in 32 states and was able to gain more than 100,000 votes, a milestone for the relatively new political party.

1980 Presidential Election

EdClark.jpg

The 1980 Presidential Election was another major milestone for the Libertarian Party. The Party nominated Ed Clark for President and David Koch for Vice-President. The campaign was largely self-financed and was able to run several national television advertisements. The ticket gained ballot access in all 50 states. In Alaska, the ticket gained 11.66% of the vote.

1984 Presidential Election

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At the 1984 National Convention, many Libertarians walked out, leading many to suspect the end of the party was near. As a result of the walkout, David Bergland was nominated for President and Jim Lewis was nominated for Vice-President. The ticket had ballot access in 36 states.

1988 Presidential Election

RonPaul2011.jpg

In a nomination contest that featured candidates with very different backgrounds and styles, and was also seen by some as a choice between presenting a "right" or "left" image, former Congressman Ron Paul was selected over American Indian activist Russell Means as the Presidential nominee for 1988. Andre Marrou, one of the few Libertarians who had been elected to a state legislature, was the Vice-Presidential nominee. The campaign raised over $2,000,000 and was on the ballot in 46 states.

1992 Presidential Election

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For the 1992 Election, the previous vice-presidential candidate and former Alaska legislator Andre Marrou was nominated as the Presidential Candidate. Nancy Lord was nominated as the Vice- Presidential Candidate. The ticket gained ballot access in all 50 states.[1]

1996 Presidential Election

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Harry Browne was the Presidential nominee in 1996 and his running mate was Jo Jorgensen. Partly due to personal financial support by the candidate, the campaign was able to get on the ballot in all 50 states.

2000 Presidential Election

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Harry Browne was re-nominated as the Presidential nominee in 2000 but chose Art Olivier as his running mate. The campaign had some controversy surrounding it after the National Director was found to have worked on the campaign in 1996 before Harry Browne's candidacy had been decided. The campaign nearly got on the ballot in all 50 states again but a split with the Arizona Libertarian Party caused Harry Browne to be replaced on the ticket with another Libertarian.

2004 Presidential Election

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At the 2004 Convention, the Presidential Nomination Election was very close. The race was between Michael Badnarik, Gary Nolan, and Aaron Russo. All three candidates were within 2% of each other for the first two ballots. However, Michael Badnarik made a surprising comeback and won the nomination. In a separate nomination, Richard Campagna was chosen as the vice-presidential nominee. During the election cycle, Badnarik raised over $1,000,000 and ran national television ads on CNN and Fox news. The ticket gained ballot access in 48 states but didn't gain access in New Hampshire or Oklahoma.

2008 Presidential Election

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Bob Barr was nominated as the Presidential nominee in 2008 with Wayne Allyn Root nominated as the Vice-Presidential Candidate. The Barr campaign was expected to do very well but due to several factors such as Sarah Palin's nomination as McCain's VP, Ron Paul's dropping of his endorsement of Barr, and the campaign's lack of advertising. The campaign still raised nearly $1.4 million dollars but didn't get as many votes as many Libertarian Leaders felt it could have. The ticket was on the ballot in 44 states. Barr returned thereafter to the Republican Party.

2012 Presidential Election

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Gary Johnson, former governor of New Mexico, was nominated in 2012, with Jim Gray as his running mate. The ticket was on the ballot in all but two states, and became the first to receive more than one million votes, and the first to break the record for that measure set 32 years earlier by Ed Clark.

2016 Presidential Election

Gary Johnson campaign portrait.jpg

Gary Johnson was nominated again in 2016, this time with William Weld as his running mate. This was seen by some as the LP's most "credible" national ticket ever, with both candidates being former governors, but others saw the inclusion of Weld as a dilution of the party's brand. For the first time since 2000, the LP had a presidential ticket on the ballot in all 50 states. In an election that was very close between front-runners Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, but with many voters unhappy about that choice, the LP's team achieved a record-breaking three percent of the national vote, receiving the votes of almost 4.5 million people. William Weld was a controversial candidate due to a past broken promise with the Libertarian Party of New York and certain policy positions, particularly on gun control. During the campaign, he stated that "he was here to vouch for Hillary Clinton" causing some Party members to view that as an endorsement of an opponent. In 2019, Weld broke his promise that he would never switch to another party and re-registered with the Republican Party.

2020 Presidential Election

Jo Jorgensen 2020.jpg

Dr. Joanne "Jo" Jorgensen, Harry Browne's former running mate in 1996, was nominated as the LP POUTS candidate at the 2020 National Convention. Her running mate was Jeremy "Spike" Cohen. The 2020 LP Presidential ticket achieved 50 state ballot access for the second consecutive cycle in the party's history. The ticket could be described as a unifying ticket as Jo was a more moderate and pragmatic candidate to Spike's radical presentation, though both are self proclaimed anarchists. The campaign was divided along the POUTS and VPOTUS teams, who worked separately to cover more geographic area in the United States. One of the major factors in this campaign was the use of a touring bus to be able to consolidate travel expenses, and easily organize and mobilize the teams across state lines. A major controversy among the membership that occurred with this campaign was the perceived alliance with the Black Lives Matter Organization. Dr. Jorgensen has been quoted saying "It is not enough to be passively not racist, we must be actively anti-racist.". Variations of this quote have been adopted across the Libertarian lexicon numerous times since.

Presidential preference primaries

1988

North Dakota

North Dakota held an open primary on June 14th with candidates of all parties on one ballot.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Ron Paul 985 2.25%

1992

New Hampshire

Held on Feb. 18th.

Candidate Votes Percentage Notes
Andre Marrou 3,388 100% Marrou received 100% of the Libertarian ballot votes(3,219), 99 Republican write-ins, and 70 Democrat write-ins.

Nebraska

Held on May 12th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Andre Marrou 32 96.97%
Write-In 1 3.03%

California

Held on June 2nd.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Andre Marrou 15,002 99.92%
Write-ins 12 0.08%

1996

New Hampshire

Held on Feb. 20th.

Candidate Votes Percentage Notes
Harry Browne 653 40.48% Browne also received 1 write-in vote in the Republican primary.
Irwin Schiff 336 20.83% Schiff also received 1 write-in vote in both the Republican and the Democrat primaries.
Write-ins 624 38.69% 16 different candidates identified with other parties received write-in votes.

North Dakota

Candidate Votes Percentage
Harry Browne 147 100%

South Dakota

Held on Feb. 27th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Harry Browne 325 65.39%
Irwin Schiff 172 34.61%

Massachusetts

Held on March 5th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Harry Browne 386 44.37%
No Preference 237 27.24%
Rick Tompkins 111 12.76%
All Others 70 8.04%
Irwin Schiff 66 7.59%

Illinois

Held on March 19th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Harry Browne 1,278 73.96%
Irwin Schiff 9,218 36.04%

California

Held on March 26th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Harry Browne 7,258 50.04%
Rick Tompkins 3,400 23.44%
Irwin Schiff 2,215 15.27%
Douglass J. Ohmen 1,517 10.46%
Write-ins 115 0.79%

Nebraska

Held on May 14th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Harry Browne 129 84.31%
Write-Ins 24 15.69%

2000

Arizona

Held on Feb. 22nd.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Harry Browne 553 77.56%
Larry Hines 97 13.60%
David Hollist 63 8.84%

California

California's primary was open to Independents as well as registered Libertarians. Held on March 7th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Harry Browne 20,825 62.22%
Kip Lee 4,009 11.98%
L. Neil Smith 3,165 9.46%
Larry Hines 2,984 8.92%
Dave Hollist 2,487 7.43%

Missouri

Held on March 7th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Harry Browne 770 53.21%
Uncommitted 365 25.22%
Larry Hines 166 11.47%
David Hollist 146 10.09%

Nebraska

Held on May 9th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Harry Browne 140 97.22%
Write-Ins 4 2.78%

2004

Missouri

Held on Feb. 3rd.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Gary Nolan 899 45.70%
Uncommitted 746 37.93%
Ruben Perez 167 8.49%
Jeffrey Diket 155 7.88%

Wisconsin

Held on Feb. 17th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Gary Nolan 1,491 43.22%
Michael Badnarik 1,416 41.04%
Uninstructed delegates 404 11.71%
Write-ins 139 4.03%

California

Held on March 2nd.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Gary Nolan 11,885 59.19%
Aaron Russo 4,858 24.20%
Michael Badnarik 3,335 16.61%

Massachusetts

Held on March 2nd.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Gary Nolan 292 27.97%
No Preference 230 22.03%
Write-ins 214 20.50%
Aaron Russo 106 10.15%
Michael Badnarik 82 7.85%
Jeffrey Diket 68 6.51%
Ruben Perez 52 4.98%

Nebraska

Held on May 11th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Gary Nolan 116 71.60%
Michael Badnarik 46 28.40%

2008

California

Held on Feb. 5th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Christine Smith 4,241 25.16%
Steve Kubby 2,876 17.06%
Wayne Root 2,360 14.00%
Bob Jackson 1,486 8.81%
Barry Hess 891 5.29%
George Phillies 852 5.05%
Michael P. Jingozian 774 4.59%
Robert Milnes 721 4.28%
Daniel Imperato 707 4.19%
John Finan 706 4.19%
Dave Hollist 678 4.02%
Alden Link 565 3.35%
Leon Ray (write-in) 1 0.01%

Missouri

Held on Feb. 5th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Uncommitted 967 47.01%
Wayne A. Root 370 17.99%
Steve Kubby 196 9.53%
George Phillies 163 7.92%
Dave Hollist 141 6.85%
David Imperato 141 6.85%
Michael P. Jingozian 79 3.84%

2012

Missouri

Held on Feb. 7th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
James Ogle 483 52.84%
Uncommitted 431 47.16%

Nebraska

Held on May 15th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Gary Johnson 97 55.43%
Lee Wrights 23 13.14%
Roger Gar 18 10.29%
Carl Person 14 8.00%
RJ Harris 13 7.43%
Bill Still 10 5.71%

California

Held on June 5th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Gary Johnson 6,780 49.98%
Barbara Joy Waymire 2,118 15.61%
Scott Keller 1,208 8.91%
R. J. Harris 670 4.94%
Bill Still 670 4.94%
Roger Gary 559 4.12%
James Ogle 558 4.11%
Carl Person 523 3.86%
Lee Wrights 479 3.53%

2016

Minnesota

Minnesota is a caucus state. The Libertarian Party of Minnesota held a caucus on March 1st at the same time as those of the two establishment parties.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Gary Johnson 171 76%
John McAfee 26 12%
Austin Petersen 17 8%
Darryl Perry 4 2%
Cecil Ince 2 1%
Steve Kerbel 2 1%
None of the Above 2 1%
Marc Allan Feldman 1 0%
Shawna Joy Sterling 1 0%

Missouri

Held on March 15th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Uncommitted 1,183 40.61%
Austin Petersen 854 29.32%
Steve Kerbel 401 13.77%
Marc Allan Feldman 242 8.31%
Cecil Ince 134 4.60%
Rhett Smith 99 3.4%

North Carolina

Held on March 15th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Gary Johnson 2,414 41.48%
No Preference 2,067 35.52%
John Hale 329 5.65%
Joy Waymire 268 4.61%
Austin Petersen 189 3.25%
Darryl Perry 118 2.03%
Steve Kerbel 109 1.87%
Derrick M. Reid 74 1.27%
Cecil Ince 72 1.24%
Jack Robinson, Jr. 70 1.20%
Marc Feldman 66 1.13%
Rhett Smith 43 0.74%

Nebraska

Held on May 10th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Gary Johnson 379 52.71%
Austin Petersen 135 18.78%
John McAfee 123 17.11%
Marc Feldman 47 6.54%
Steve Kerbel 35 4.87%

Oregon

The Libertarian Party of Oregon was not eligible to participate in state-run primaries and so held a party-run primary by mail-in ballot to be completed on May 27th, the day of the establishment party primaries.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Gary Johnson 422 57%
John McAfee 105 14%
Merry Susan Nehls 34 5%
Austin Petersen (write-in) 25 3%
Darryl Perry 21 3%
Keenan Dunham 18 2%
Derrick M. Reid 10 1%
Nathan Norman 8 1%
Rhett Smith 6 1%
NOTA (write-in) 2 0%
Other write-ins 91 12%

California

Held on June 7th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Gary Johnson 19,294 61.87%
John McAfee 3,139 10.07%
Austin Petersen 1,853 5.94%
Rhett Smith 1,531 4.91%
Joy Waymire 932 2.99%
John Hale 873 2.80%
Marc Feldman 867 2.78%
Jack Robinson, Jr. 739 2.37%
Steve Kerbel 556 1.78%
Darryl Perry 521 1.67%
Derrick M. Reid 462 1.48%
Cecil Ince 417 1.34%

2020

New Hampshire

New Hampshire self-funded a ranked-choice primary conducted by mail as well as in-person voting at the state convention on Jan. 11th.

Candidate 1st 2nd 3rd Total Final Percentage
Vermin Supreme 10 3 13 26 17.3%
Kim Ruff 6 9 7 22 14.7%
Jo Jorgensen 5 8 4 17 11.3%
None of the Above 4 6 3 13 8.7%
Dan "Taxation Is Theft" Behrman 0 6 7 13 8.7%
Jacob Hornberger (write-in) 9 0 0 9 6.0%
Sam Robb 1 2 5 8 5.3%
Mark Whitney (write-in) 4 0 2 6 4.0%
Arvin Vohra 1 0 5 6 4.0%
Ken Armstrong 0 2 3 5 3.3%
Lincoln Chafee (write-in) 1 2 1 4 2.7%
Justin Amash (write-in) 1 1 1 3 2.0%
Keenan Wallace Dunham 0 0 2 2 1.3%
Max Abramson 1 0 0 1 nil
Straw Poll (write-in) 1 0 0 1 nil
Joe Bishop-Henchman (write-in) 0 0 1 1 nil
Thomas Knapp (write-in) 0 0 1 1 nil
Adam Kokesh (write-in) 0 0 1 1 nil
Nicholas Sarwark (write-in) 0 0 1 1 nil
Exhausted Ballots/Undervotes 0 5 5 10
Total 44 44 62 150

New Hampshire Libertarian vice presidential primary

Candidate 1st 2nd Total Percentage
John Phillips 15 6 21 63.6%
None of the Above 9 6 15 45.5%
Spike Cohen (write-in) 2 0 2 6.1%
Larry Sharpe (write-in) 2 0 2 6.1%
Ron Paul (write-in) 1 1 2 6.1%
Darryl W Perry (write-in) 1 0 1 3.0%
Straw Poll (write-in) 1 0 1 3.0%
Nicholas Sarwark (write-in) 1 0 1 3.0%
Mark Whitney (write-in) 1 0 1 3.0%
Exhausted Ballots/Undervotes 11 20 31
Total 44 33 77

Iowa

The Libertarian Party of Iowa conducted their caucuses on February 8, offering in-person caucus locations and an online virtual caucus. Only registered Libertarians were eligible to participate.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Jacob Hornberger 133 47.3%
Lincoln Chafee 36 12.8%
Jo Jorgensen 18 6.4%
Adam Kokesh 17 6.0%
Daniel Behrman 14 5.0%
John McAfee 10 3.6%
Vermin Supreme 9 3.2%
None of the Above 8 2.8%
Write In 8 2.8%
Sam Robb 7 2.5%
Max Abramson 6 2.1%
Mark Whitney 4 1.4%
Arvin Vohra 3 1.1%
Ken Armstrong 2 nil
Souraya Faas 2 nil
Benjamin Leder 1 nil
John Monds 1 nil
Total 281 100%

Minnesota

The Libertarian Party of Minnesota used ranked-choice voting to tabulate the results of their caucus on Feb. 25th. After 7 rounds, Jacob Hornberger was declared the winner.

Candidate Round 1 Round 7
Votes % Transfer Votes %
Jacob Hornberger 37 38.1% + 10 47 59.5%
Jo Jorgensen 12 12.4% + 20 32 40.5%
Vermin Supreme 11 11.3% - 11 Eliminated
Adam Kokesh 6 6.2% - 6 Eliminated
John Monds 6 6.2% - 6 Eliminated
Lincoln Chafee 6 6.2% - 6 Eliminated
Mark Whitney 6 6.2% - 6 Eliminated
N.O.T.A. 4 4.1% - 4 Eliminated
Arvin Vohra 2 2.1% - 2 Eliminated
Ken Armstrong 2 2.1% - 2 Eliminated
Sam Robb 2 2.1% - 2 Eliminated
Keenan Wallace Dunham 1 1.0% - 1 Eliminated
Sorinne Ardeleanu 1 1.0% - 1 Eliminated
Abrahamson Template:Small 1 1.0% - 1 Eliminated
Dan "Taxation is Theft" Behrman 0 nil Eliminated
Jedi Hill 0 nil Eliminated
Souraya Faas 0 nil Eliminated
Steven Richey 0 nil Eliminated
Round 1 Total 97 100% Round 7 Total 79 100%

Minnesota Libertarian vice presidential caucus, Feb. 25th.

Candidate Round 1 Round 2
Votes % Transfer Votes %
Jeff Wood 32 40.0% + 0 32 52.5%
Spike Cohen 29 36.3% + 0 29 47.5%
NOTA 19 23.8% - 19 Eliminated
Round 1 Total 80 100% Round 2 Total 61 100%

California

Held on March 3rd.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Jacob Hornberger 5,530 19.4%
Jo Jorgensen 3,534 12.4%
Vermin Supreme 3,469 12.2%
Ken Armstrong 3,011 10.6%
Kim Ruff (withdrawn) 2,330 8.2%
Adam Kokesh 2,161 7.6%
Sam Robb 1,722 6.0%
Dan Behrman 1,695 5.9%
Max Abramson 1,605 5.7%
Souraya Faas 999 3.5%
Steven A Richey 982 3.4%
Erik Chase Gerhardt 748 2.6%
Keenan Wallace Dunham 720 2.5%
Sorinne Ardeleanu (write-in) 27 nil
Geby Eva Espínosa (write-in) 2 nil
Nicholas D'Artagnan Dumas (write-in) 0 nil
James Orlando Ogle (write-in) 0 nil
Total 28,535 100%

Massachusetts

Held on March 3rd.

Candidate Votes Percentage
No Preference 804 19.3%
Vermin Love Supreme 399 9.6%
Jacob George Hornberger 369 8.9%
Blanks 324 7.8%
Dan Taxation Is Theft Behrman 294 7.1%
Kimberly Margaret Ruff (withdrawn) 224 5.4%
Arvin Vohra 151 3.6%
Kenneth Reed Armstrong 145 3.5%
Jo Jorgensen 141 3.4%
Samuel Joseph Robb 127 3.1%
Adam Kokesh 125 3.0%
Max Abramson 98 2.4%
All Others 958 23.0%
Total 4,159 100%

North Carolina

Held on March 3rd.

Candidate Votes Percentage
No Preference 2,022 33.1%
Jacob Hornberger 584 9.6%
John McAfee 550 9.0%
Kim Ruff (withdrawn) 469 7.7%
Vermin Supreme 387 6.3%
Ken Armstrong 346 5.7%
Jo Jorgensen 267 4.4%
Steve Richey 227 3.7%
James Orlando Ogle 207 3.4%
Souraya Faas 169 2.8%
Adam Kokesh 163 2.7%
Max Abramson 160 2.6%
Dan Behrman 144 2.4%
Kenneth Blevins 122 2.0%
Jedidiah Hill 117 1.9%
Erik Gerhardt 99 1.6%
Arvin Vohra 77 1.3%
Total 6,110 100%

Missouri

Held on March 10th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Jacob Hornberger 1,693 74.6%
Uncommitted 577 25.4%
Total 2,270 100%

Ohio

Online voting took place from March 16 to April 11, with 192 participants. The primary was tabulated using instant runoff voting. Percentages shown are percentage of ballots cast.

Candidate Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8
Votes % Transfer Votes % Transfer Votes % Transfer Votes % Transfer Votes % Transfer Votes % Transfer Votes % Transfer Votes %
Jacob Hornberger 61 31.8% + 0 61 31.8% + 0 61 31.8% + 5 66 34.4% + 3 69 35.9% + 7 76 39.6% + 8 84 43.8% + 13 97 50.5%
Jo Jorgensen 24 12.5% + 0 24 12.5% + 2 26 13.5% + 1 27 14.1% + 6 33 17.2% + 5 38 19.8% + 8 46 24.0% + 9 55 28.6%
NOTA 9 4.7% + 0 9 4.7% + 0 9 4.7% + 0 9 4.7% + 0 9 4.7% + 1 10 5.2% + 2 12 6.3% + 10 22 11.5%
Vermin Supreme 33 17.2% + 0 33 17.2% + 2 35 18.2% + 3 38 19.8% + 1 39 20.3% + 2 41 21.4% + 2 43 22.4% - 43 Eliminated
Ken Armstrong 18 9.4% + 1 19 9.9% + 0 19 9.9% + 0 19 9.9% + 1 20 10.4% + 2 22 11.5% - 22 Eliminated
Lincoln Chafee (withdrew during the voting period) 18 9.4% + 0 18 9.4% + 0 18 9.4% + 0 18 9.4% + 1 19 9.9% - 19 Eliminated
Mark Whitney 11 5.7% + 0 11 5.7% + 1 12 6.3% + 0 12 6.3% - 12 Eliminated
Adam Kokesh 11 5.7% + 0 11 5.7% + 0 11 5.7% - 11 Eliminated
Dan Taxation is Theft Behrman 6 3.1% + 0 6 3.1% - 6 Eliminated
Steve Richey 1 nil - 1 Eliminated
Round 1 Total 192 100% Round 2 Total 1920 exhausted 100% Round 3 Total 1911 exhausted 99.5% Round 4 Total 1893 exhausted 98.4% Round 5 Total 1893 exhausted 98.4% Round 6 Total 1875 exhausted 97.4% Round 7 Total 1857 exhausted 96.4% Round 8 Total 17418 exhausted 90.6%

Connecticut

Online voting in this party-run primary took place from April 25th through the 28th.

Candidate Round 1 Round 19
Votes % Transfer Votes %
Jacob Hornberger 47 31.7% + 48 85 66.9%
Jim Gray 23 13.8% + 19 42 33.1%
Jo Jorgensen 18 10.8% - 34 Eliminated in round 18
Adam Kokesh 14 8.4% - 22 Eliminated in round 17
Vermin Supreme 14 8.4% - 16 Eliminated in round 16
Brian Ellison 6 3.6% - 11 Eliminated in round 15
Souraya Faas 4 2.4% - 8 Eliminated in round 14
N.O.T.A 8 4.2% - 8 Eliminated in round 13
Dan Behrman 5 3.0% - 5 Eliminated in round 12
Sorinne Ardeleanu 4 2.4% - 5 Eliminated in round 11
Sam Robb 4 2.4% - 5 Eliminated in round 10
Arvin Vohra 4 2.4% - 4 Eliminated in round 9
John Monds 4 2.4% - 4 Eliminated in round 8
Ken Armstrong 1 nil - 3 Eliminated in round 7
Phil Gray 2 1.2% - 2 Eliminated in round 6
Steve Richey 1 nil - 1 Eliminated in round 5
Erik Gerhardt 1 nil - 1 Eliminated in round 4
Jedidiah Hill 1 nil - 1 Eliminated in round 3
Louis Vanacore 1 nil - 1 Eliminated in round 2
Kenneth Blevins, James Ogle, Rhett Smith 0 nil - 0 Eliminated in round 1
Round 1 Total 167 100% Round 9 Total 167 (40 exhausted) 100%

New York

New York held it's primaries on April 28th but no contest was held for the Libertarian Party as only Jacob Hornberger qualified for the ballot and so won by default.

Nebraska

Held on May 12th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Jo Jorgensen 508 27.8%
Jacob Hornberger 444 24.3%
Adam Kokesh 263 14.4%
Lincoln Chafee (withdrawn) 254 13.9%
Max Abramson (withdrawn) 182 10.0%
Dan Behrman 177 9.7%
Total 1,828 100%

New Mexico

Held on June 2nd.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Jo Jorgensen 520 33.1%
Uncommitted 330 21.0%
Lincoln Chafee (withdrawn) 158 10.1%
Jacob Hornberger (withdrawn) 154 9.8%
Adam Kokesh (withdrawn) 124 7.9%
Sam Robb (withdrawn) 90 5.7%
John Monds (withdrawn) 63 4.0%
Dan Behrman (withdrawn) 58 3.7%
Arvin Vohra (withdrawn) 39 2.5%
James Ogle (withdrawn) 34 2.2%
Total 1,557 100%

2024

Arizona

The Arizona Libertarian Party had the opportunity to participate in the state's Presidential Preference Election, but declined out of principle to save Arizona taxpayers money.

Iowa

The Libertarian Party of Iowa conducted caucuses on January 15, their first time to do this as a state recognized party. Only registered Libertarians were eligible to participate.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Chase Oliver 38 42.70%
Michael Rectenwald 15 16.85%
Mike ter Maat 12 13.48%
Joshua Smith 12 13.48%
Vivek Ramaswamy 4 4.49%
Mario Perales 2 2.25%
Robert Sansone 2 2.25%
Jacob Hornberger 1 1.12%
Lars Mapstead 1 1.12%
Art Olivier 1 1.12%
None of the Above 1 1.12%
Total 89 100%

Massachusetts[2]

Held on March 5th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
No Preference 3,982 40%
Chase Russel Oliver 1,453 14.6%
Jacob George Hornberger 1,089 11%
Lars Damien Mapstead 399 4%
Michael D. Rectenwald 546 5.5%
Michael Ter Maat 314 3.2%
Unspecified "Other" 2,161 21.7%
Total 10,924

980 Undervotes (Blank Ballots) were turned in and counted.

North Carolina

Held on March 5th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
No Preference 2,042 40.42%
Chase Russell Oliver 671 13.28%
David Dunlap 464 9.18%
Jacob Hornberger 356 7.05%
Joshua Smith 353 6.99%
Beau Lindsey 317 6.27%
Michael Rectenwald 193 3.82%
Charles Ballay 181 3.58%
Lars Mapstead 176 3.48%
Toad Anderson 162 3.21%
Mike ter Maat 137 2.71%
Total 5,052 100%

Oklahoma

Held on March 5th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Chase Oliver 569 61.25%
Jacob Hornberger 360 38.75%
Total 929 100%

California[3]

Held on March 5th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Charles Ballay 21,906 98.6%
Chase Oliver

declared write-in

315 1.4%
Total 100%

Nebraska[4]

Held on May 12th.

Candidate Votes Percentage
Mike ter Maat 69 6.17%
Jacob Hornberger 204 18.23%
Michael Rectenwald 120 10.72%
Chase Russel Oliver 309 27.61%
Lars Mapstead 180 16.09%
Charles Ballay 237 21.18%
Total 1,119 100%

New Mexico[5]

Held on June 2nd.

(This Election was prepared by the disaffiliated Libertarian Party of New Mexico and is not connected to official party actions)

Candidate Votes Percentage
Lars Mapstead 432 57.5%
Uncommitted 332 43.6%
Total 764 100%

Results by state and candidate

1972

John Hospers / Theodora Nathan

1976

Roger MacBride / David Bergland

1980

Ed Clark / David Koch

1984

David Bergland / James Lewis

1988

Ron Paul / Andre Marrou

1992

Andre Marrou / Nancy Lord

1996

Harry Browne / Jo Jorgensen

2000

Harry Browne / Art Olivier

2004

Michael Badnarik / Richard Campagna

2008

Bob Barr / Wayne Allyn Root

2012

Gary Johnson / Jim Gray

2016

Gary Johnson / William Weld

2020

Jo Jorgensen /

Spike Cohen

Alabama 1,481

0.13%

13,318

0.99%

9,504

0.66%

8,460

0.61%

5,737

0.34%

5,290

0.34%

5,893

0.35%

3,529

0.19%

4,991

0.24%

12,328

0.59%

44,467

2.09%

25,176

1.1%

Alaska 68

0.07%

6,785

5.49%

18,479

11.66%

6,378

3.07%

5,484

2.74%

1,378

0.53%

2,276

0.94%

2,636

0.92%

1,675

0.54%

1,589

0.49%

7,392

2.46%

18,725

5.88%

8,897

2.5%

Arizona 7,647

1.03%

18,784

2.15%

10,585

1.03%

13,351

1.14%

6,759

0.46%

14,358

1.02%

*5,775

0.38%

11,856

0.59%

12,555

0.55%

32,100

1.39%

106,327

4.13%

51,465

1.5%

Arkansas 8,970

1.07%

2,221

0.25%

3,297

0.40%

1,261

0.13%

3,076

0.35%

2,781

0.30%

2,352

0.22%

4,776

0.44%

16,276

1.52%

29,949

2.65%

13,133

1.1%

California 980

0.01%

56,388

0.72%

148,390

1.73%

49,951

0.53%

70,105

0.71%

48,139

0.43%

73,600

0.73%

45,520

0.42%

50,165

0.40%

67,582

0.50%

143,221

1.10%

478,500

3.37%

187,895

1.1%

Colorado 1,111

0.12%

5,338

0.49%

25,744

2.17%

11,257

0.87%

15,482

1.13%

8,669

0.55%

12,392

0.82%

12,799

0.73%

7,664

0.36%

10,898

0.45%

35,545

1.38%

144,121

5.18%

52,460

1.6%

Connecticut 10

0.00%

209

0.02%

8,570

0.61%

204

0.01%

14,071

0.97%

5,391

0.33%

5,788

0.42%

3,484

0.24%

3,367

0.21%

12,580

0.81%

48,676

2.96%

20,230

1.1%

Delaware 34

0.01%

1,974

0.84%

268

0.11%

1,162

0.47%

935

0.32%

2,052

0.76%

774

0.24%

586

0.16%

1,109

0.27%

3,882

0.94%

14,757

3.34%

5,000

1%

D. C. 274

0.16%

1,104

0.63%

279

0.13%

554

0.29%

467

0.21%

588

0.32%

669

0.33%

502

0.22%

2,083

0.71%

4,906

1.58%

2,036

0.6%

Florida 39

0.00%

103

0.00%

30,524

0.83%

754

0.02%

19,796

0.46%

15,079

0.28%

23,965

0.45%

16,415

0.28%

11,996

0.16%

17,218

0.21%

44,726

0.53%

207,043

2.20%

70,324

0.6%

Georgia 23

0.00%

175

0.01%

15,627

0.98%

159

0.01%

8,435

0.47%

7,110

0.31%

17,870

0.78%

36,332

1.40%

18,387

0.56%

28,731

0.73%

45,324

1.16%

125,306

3.05%

62,229

1.2%

Hawaii 3,923

1.35%

3,269

1.08%

2,167

0.65%

1,999

0.56%

1,119

0.30%

2,493

0.69%

1,477

0.40%

1,377

0.32%

1,314

0.29%

3,840

0.88%

15,954

3.72%

5,539

1%

Idaho 3,558

1.04%

8,425

1.93%

2,823

0.69%

5,313

1.30%

1,167

0.24%

3,325

0.68%

3,488

0.70%

3,844

0.64%

3,658

0.56%

9,453

1.45%

28,331

4.10%

16,404

1.9%

Illinois 46

0.00%

8,057

0.17%

38,939

0.82%

10,086

0.21%

14,944

0.33%

9,218

0.18%

22,548

0.52%

11,623

0.25%

32,442

0.62%

19,642

0.36%

56,229

1.07%

209,596

3.79%

65,544

1.1%

Indiana 19,627

0.88%

6,741

0.30%

7,936

0.34%

15,632

0.73%

15,530

0.71%

18,058

0.73%

29,257

1.06%

50,111

1.91%

133,993

4.90%

59,232

2%

Iowa 1,454

0.11%

13,123

1.00%

1,844

0.14%

2,494

0.20%

1,076

0.08%

2,315

0.19%

3,209

0.24%

2,992

0.20%

4,590

0.30%

12,926

0.82%

59,186

3.78%

19,637

1.2%

Kansas 3,242

0.34%

14,470

1.48%

3,329

0.33%

12,553

1.26%

4,314

0.37%

4,557

0.42%

4,525

0.42%

4,013

0.34%

6,706

0.54%

20,456

1.76%

55,406

4.68%

30,574

2.2%

Kentucky 814

0.07%

5,531

0.43%

3

0.00%

2,118

0.16%

4,513

0.30%

4,009

0.29%

2,896

0.19%

2,619

0.15%

5,989

0.33%

17,063

0.95%

53,752

2.79%

26,234

1.2%

Louisiana 3,134

0.25%

8,240

0.53%

1,876

0.11%

4,115

0.25%

3,155

0.18%

7,499

0.42%

2,951

0.17%

2,781

0.14%

18,157

0.91%

37,978

1.87%

21,645

1%

Maine 1

0.00%

12

0.00%

5,119

0.98%

3

0.00%

2,700

0.49%

1,681

0.25%

2,996

0.49%

3,074

0.47%

1,965

0.27%

251

0.03%

9,352

1.31%

38,105

5.09%

14,152

1.7%

Maryland 255

0.02%

14,192

0.92%

5,721

0.34%

6,748

0.39%

4,715

0.24%

8,765

0.49%

5,310

0.26%

6,094

0.26%

9,842

0.37%

30,195

1.12%

79,605

2.86%

33,488

1.1%

Massachusetts 43

0.00%

135

0.01%

22,038

0.87%

24,251

0.92%

9,021

0.32%

20,426

0.80%

16,366

0.61%

15,022

0.52%

13,189

0.43%

30,920

0.98%

138,018

4.15%

47,013

1.3%

Michigan 54

0.00%

5,407

0.15%

41,597

1.06%

10,055

0.26%

18,336

0.50%

10,175

0.24%

27,670

0.72%

16,711

0.39%

10,552

0.22%

23,716

0.47%

7,774

0.16%

172,136

3.59%

60,381

1,1%

Minnesota 35

0.00%

3,529

0.18%

31,593

1.54%

2,996

0.14%

5,109

0.24%

3,374

0.14%

8,271

0.38%

5,282

0.22%

4,639

0.16%

9,174

0.32%

35,098

1.20%

112,972

3.84%

34,976

1.1%

Mississippi 2,606

0.34%

4,702

0.53%

2,336

0.25%

3,329

0.36%

2,154

0.22%

2,809

0.31%

2,009

0.20%

1,793

0.16%

2,529

0.20%

6,676

0.52%

14,435

1.19%

8,026

0.6%

Missouri 25

0.00%

179

0.01%

14,422

0.69%

434

0.02%

7,497

0.31%

10,522

0.49%

7,436

0.32%

9,831

0.36%

11,386

0.39%

43,151

1.56%

97,359

3.47%

41,205

1.4%

Montana 40

0.01%

9,825

2.70%

5,185

1.35%

5,047

1.38%

986

0.24%

2,526

0.62%

1,718

0.42%

1,733

0.38%

1,355

0.28%

14,165

2.93%

28,037

5.67%

15,252

2.5%

Nebraska 1,476

0.24%

9,041

1.41%

2,079

0.32%

2,534

0.38%

1,344

0.18%

2,792

0.41%

2,245

0.32%

2,041

0.26%

2,740

0.34%

11,109

1.40%

38,946

4.61%

20,283

2.1%

Nevada 1,519

0.75%

4,358

1.79%

2,292

0.80%

3,520

1.01%

1,835

0.36%

4,460

0.96%

3,311

0.54%

3,176

0.38%

4,263

0.44%

10,968

1.08%

37,384

3.32%

14,783

1.1%

New Hampshire 142

0.04%

936

0.28%

2,064

0.54%

735

0.19%

4,502

1.00%

3,548

0.66%

4,237

0.85%

2,757

0.48%

372

0.05%

2,217

0.31%

8,212

1.16%

30,777

4.20%

13,236

1.6%

New Jersey 89

0.00%

9,449

0.31%

20,652

069%

6,416

0.20%

8,421

0.27%

6,822

0.20%

14,763

0.48%

6,312

0.20%

4,514

0.12%

8,441

0.22%

21,045

0.58%

72,477

1.87%

31,677

0.7%

New Mexico 1,110

0.27%

4,365

0.96%

4,459

0.87%

3,268

0.63%

1,615

0.28%

2,996

0.54%

2,058

0.34%

2,382

0.31%

2,428

0.29%

27,788

3.55%

74,541

9.34%

12,585

1.4%

New York 6

0.00%

12,197

0.19%

52,648

0.85%

11,949

0.18%

12,109

0.19%

13,451

0.19%

12,220

0.19%

7,649

0.11%

11,607

0.16%

19,596

0.26%

47,256

0.67%

176,598

2.29%

60,383

0.7%

North Carolina 2,219

0.13%

9,677

0.52%

3,794

0.17%

1,263

0.06%

5,171

0.20%

8,740

0.35%

12,307

0.42%

11,731

0.34%

25,722

0.60%

44,515

0.99%

130,126

2.74%

48,678

0.9%

North Dakota 256

0.09%

3,743

1.24%

703

0.23%

1,315

0.44%

416

0.14%

847

0.32%

660

0.23%

851

0.27%

1,354

0.43%

5,231

1.62%

21,434

6.22%

9,393

2.6%

Ohio 8,952

0.22%

49,033

1.14%

5,886

0.13%

11,989

0.27%

7,252

0.15%

12,851

0.28%

13,475

0.29%

14,676

0.26%

19,917

0.35%

49,493

0.89%

174,498

3.17%

67,569

1.1%

Oklahoma 13,828

1.20%

9,066

0.72%

6,261

0.53%

4,486

0.32%

5,505

0.46%

6,602

0.53%

83,481

5.75%

24,731

1.6%

Oregon 85

0.01%

464

0.05%

25,838

2.19%

376

0.03%

14,811

1.23%

4,277

0.29%

8,903

0.65%

7,447

0.49%

7,260

0.40%

7,635

0.42%

24,089

1.35%

94,231

4.71%

41,582

1.8%

Pennsylvania 8

0.00%

73

0.00%

33,263

0.73%

6,982

0.14%

12,051

0.27%

21,477

0.43%

28,000

0.62%

11,248

0.23%

21,185

0.37%

19,912

0.33%

49,991

0.87%

146,715

2.40%

79,380

1.1%

Rhode Island 2

0.00%

715

0.17%

2,458

0.59%

277

0.07%

825

0.20%

571

0.13%

1,109

0.28%

742

0.18%

907

0.21%

1,382

0.29%

4,388

0.98%

14,746

3.18%

5,053

1%

South Carolina 53

0.01%

4,807

0.54%

4,359

0.45%

4,935

0.50%

2,719

0.23%

4,271

0.37%

4,876

0.35%

3,608

0.22%

7,283

0.38%

16,321

0.83%

49,204

2.34%

27,916

1.1%

South Dakota 1,619

0.54%

3,824

1.17%

1,060

0.34%

814

0.24%

1,472

0.45%

1,662

0.53%

964

0.25%

1,835

0.48%

5,795

1.59%

20,850

5.63%

11,095

2.6%

Tennessee 1

0.00%

1,375

0.09%

7,116

0.44%

3,072

0.18%

2,041

0.12%

1,847

0.09%

5,020

0.27%

4,284

0.21%

4,866

0.20%

8,547

0.33%

18,623

0.76%

70,397

2.81%

29,877

1%

Texas 394

0.01%

575

0.01%

37,643

0.83%

30,355

0.56%

19,699

0.32%

20,256

0.36%

23,160

0.36%

38,787

0.52%

56,116

0.69%

88,580

1.11%

283,492

3.16%

126,243

1.1%

Utah 19

0.00%

2,438

0.45%

7,156

1.18%

2,447

0.39%

7,473

1.16%

1,900

0.26%

4,129

0.62%

3,616

0.47%

3,375

0.36%

6,966

0.73%

12,572

1.24%

39,608

3.50%

38,447

2.6%

Vermont 4

0.00%

1,900

0.89%

1,002

0.43%

1,000

0.41%

501

0.17%

1,183

0.46%

784

0.27%

1,102

0.35%

1,067

0.33%

3,487

1.17%

10,078

3.20%

3,608

1%

Virginia 4,648

0.27%

12,821

0.69%

8,336

0.38%

5,730

0.22%

9,174

0.38%

15,198

0.55%

11,032

0.34%

11,067

0.30%

31,216

0.81%

118,274

2.97%

64,761

1.5%

Washington 1,537

0.10%

5,042

0.32%

29,213

1.68%

8,844

0.47%

17,240

0.92%

7,533

0.33%

12,522

0.56%

13,135

0.53%

11,955

0.42%

12,728

0.42%

42,202

1.35%

160,879

4.85%

80,500

2%

West Virginia 17

0.00%

4,356

0.59%

6

0.00%

28

0.00%

1,873

0.27%

3,062

0.48%

1,912

0.30%

1,405

0.19%

6,302

0.94%

23,004

3.23%

10,687

1.3%

Wisconsin 101

0.01%

3,814

0.18%

29,135

1.28%

4,884

0.22%

5,157

0.24%

2,877

0.11%

7,929

0.36%

6,640

0.26%

6,464

0.22%

8,858

0.30%

20,439

0.67%

106,674

3.58%

38,491

1.2%

Wyoming 89

0.06%

4,514

2.55%

2,357

1.25%

2,026

1.15%

844

0.42%

1,739

0.82%

1,443

0.66%

1,171

0.48%

1,594

0.63%

5,326

2.14%

13,287

5.19%

5,768

2.1%

Total 4,819

0.01%

173,819

0.21%

920,049

1.06%

228,710

0.25%

432,207

0.47%

291,627

0.28%

485,798

0.50%

*390,206

0.37%

397,265

0.32%

523,715

0.40%

1,275,971

0.99%

4,489,341

3.29%

1,864,873

1.2%

No Ballot Access Write In
  • L Neil Smith was listed as the Libertarian candidate on the ballot in Arizona in place of Harry Browne in 2000. The total includes votes for L Neil Smith.

Guam (Results don't count because Guam has no electoral votes)

1972

John Hospers / Theodora Nathan

1976

Roger MacBride / David Bergland

1980

Ed Clark / David Koch

1984

David Bergland / James Lewis

1988

Ron Paul / Andre Marrou

1992

Andre Marrou / Nancy Lord

1996

Harry Browne / Jo Jorgensen

2000

Harry Browne / Art Olivier

2004

Michael Badnarik / Richard Campagna

2008

Bob Barr / Wayne Allyn Root

2012

Gary Johnson / Jim Gray

2016

Gary Johnson / William Weld

2020

Jo Jorgensen / Spike Cohen

Guam               No election No election 203

0.81%

137

0.51%

129

0.53%

116

0.67%

498

1.54%

420

1.20%

67

0.20%

214

0.66%

351

1.12%

Not on ballot 169

0.64%

References